Casey County was established in 1806 and is named for Colonel William Casey, an early Kentucky pioneer and great-grandfather of Samuel L. Clemens, better known as "Mark Twain." Like many counties in Kentucky, Casey County grew from a wilderness outpost of settlers hoping to make a living off the land. Today Casey County’s south central Kentucky location places it within one of the fastest growing regions in the state outside the “Golden Triangle.”

The area has a good highway transportation system which enables reliable movement of goods and services north and south. US Highway 127 traverses the length of Casey County through Liberty, the County seat, and is a major transportation corridor connecting the central and northern parts of Kentucky to the Lake Cumberland area and Tennessee. The “homegrown” gate manufacturing industry has capitalized on this transportation system, and the availability of affordable labor, to create a diverse metalworking economy well known to many in the industry.

Casey County is known for its unique topography — the “knobs,” its Amish and Mennonite communities, the Casey County Apple Festival, and most recently the Central Kentucky AG/EXPO Center. These attributes make the county unique and draw interest from those who enjoy rural life within driving distance of emerging urban areas. In recent years the county has experienced considerable activity in the real estate sector due to affordable land prices and the area’s proximity to central Kentucky and the Lake Cumberland area.

It is the only Kentucky county entirely in the Knobs region and is a prohibition or "dry" county. It is considered part of the Appalachian region of Kentucky. The elevation in the county ranges from 710 to 1789 feet above sea level. In 2010 the county population was 15,955 in a land area of 445.61 square miles, an average of 35.8 people per square mile. The county seat is Liberty.

Liberty is the county seat for Casey County, Kentucky. It was established in 1808 by several Revolutionary War veterans and named for one of the values of their new country.

Liberty is located at 37°19'16" North, 84°55'50" West (37.321195, -84.930513). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.8 square miles, which is land and none of it is covered by water.

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,850 people, 875 households, and 494 families residing in the city.